Education Links

Below are tables of links from current or past educational presentations offered by Steven (and Friends).

For feedback and/or questions, please visit the Contact Me page!

Six Drips and a Pacer; Part 2

Leading Successful Online Learning Sessions

One Dose Killers, Big Kids Edition

From Preceptor to Preceptee

Leadership In a Dynamic World

How much is too much?

The EtCO2 is Abnormal

Six Drips and a Pacer

Diamond of Death

Six Drips and a Pacer; Part 2

- Aiyagari, V., & Gorelick, P. B. (2009). Management of blood pressure for acute and recurrent stroke. Stroke, 40(6), 2251–2256. https://doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.108.531574
- Aleksandr Pevtsov, & Fredlund, K. L. (2019, October 2). Esmolol. Nih.gov; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK518965/
- Aronson, S., Dyke, C. M., Stierer, K. A., Levy, J. H., Cheung, A. T., Lumb, P. D., Kereiakes, D. J., & Newman, M. F. (2008). The ECLIPSE Trials: Comparative Studies of Clevidipine to Nitroglycerin, Sodium Nitroprusside, and Nicardipine for Acute Hypertension Treatment in Cardiac Surgery Patients. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 107(4), 1110–1121. https://doi.org/10.1213/ane.0b013e31818240db
- Aziz, Y., & Mistry, E. (2022, January 17). In-Hospital Blood Pressure Control After Acute Ischemic Stroke. Practicalneurology.com. https://practicalneurology.com/diseases-diagnoses/stroke/in-hospital-blood-pressure-control-after-acute-ischemic-stroke/31860/
- de Voogt, W. G., & van Hemel, N. M. (2008). Clinical application of pacemakers in atrial tachyarrhythmias. Netherlands Heart Journal, 16(1), 18–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03086200
- Hall, J., & Khan, S. (2014, August 14). Thoracic Aortic Dissection. Emra.org. https://www.emra.org/emresident/article/thoracic-aortic-dissection
- Herman, L. L., & Tivakaran, V. S. (2023). Hydralazine. Nih.gov; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470296/Hicks, M. A., & Tyagi, A. (2023, May). Magnesium Sulfate. Nih.gov; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK554553/
- Holme, M. R., & Sharman, T. (2020). Sodium Nitroprusside. PubMed; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557487/
- Jones, K. E., Hayden, S. L., Meyer, H. R., Sandoz, J. L., Arata, W. H., Dufrene, K., Ballaera, C., Lopez Torres, Y., Griffin, P., Kaye, A. M., Shekoohi, S., & Kaye, A. D. (2024). The Evolving Role of Calcium Channel Blockers in Hypertension Management: Pharmacological and Clinical Considerations. Current Issues in Molecular Biology, 46(7), 6315–6327. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46070377
- Kandil, H., Soliman, A., Alghamdi, N. S., Jennings, J. R., & El-Baz, A. (2023). Using Mean Arterial Pressure in Hypertension Diagnosis versus Using Either Systolic or Diastolic Blood Pressure Measurements. Biomedicines, 11(3), 849. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11030849
- Miller, M., Maani, C. V., & Kerndt, C. C. (2023, July 10). Labetalol. PubMed; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534787/Morris, J., & Dunham, A. (2024). Metoprolol. Nih; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532923/
- Murillo, H., Molvin, L., Chin, A. S., & Fleischmann, D. (2021). Aortic Dissection and Other Acute Aortic Syndromes: Diagnostic Imaging Findings from Acute to Chronic Longitudinal Progression. RadioGraphics, 41(2), 425–446. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2021200138
- Pierre, L., Keenaghan, M., & Pasrija, D. (2024, January 19). Arterial Lines. PubMed; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499989/Roan, R. (2022, January 10). File:Arterial-line-shaded.png - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia.org. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arterial-line-shaded.png
- Rordorf, G., & McDonald, C. (2025). Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: Acute treatment and prognosis (S. Kasner, J. Edlow, A. Rabinstein, G. Tung, & R. Goddeau, Eds.). Www.uptodate.com. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/spontaneous-intracerebral-hemorrhage-acute-treatment-and-prognosis
- Self, M., & Tainter, C. R. (2020). Overdrive Pacing. PubMed; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549874/
- Twiner, M. J., Hennessy, J., Wein, R., & Levy, P. D. (2022). Nitroglycerin Use in the Emergency Department: Current Perspectives. Open Access Emergency Medicine, Volume 14(14), 327–333. https://doi.org/10.2147/oaem.s340513
- UpToDate LexiDrug. (2025). UpToDate. Uptodate.com. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/nitroglycerin-glyceryl-trinitrate-drug-information
- Weir, M., & Howlett, J. (2018). Hypertensive Emergencies. Merck Manuals Professional Edition; Merck Manuals. https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/hypertension/hypertensive-emergencies

Leading Successful Online Learning Sessions

Trumble, E., Lodge, J. M., Mandrusiak, A., & Forbes, R. (2023). Systematic review of distributed practice and retrieval practice in health professions education. Advances in Health Sciences Education, 29(2), 689–714. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10459-023-10274-3
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11078833/
Van Hoof, T. J., Madan, C. R., & Sumeracki, M. A. (2021). Science of Learning Strategy Series. Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.1097/ceh.0000000000000335
- https://journals.lww.com/jcehp/abstract/2021/04120/science_of_learning_strategy_series__article_2,.7.aspx
Wang, D. H., Dunn, C., Brooten, J. K., Gacioch, B., Taigman, M., He, Z., Dziura, J., & Breyre, A. M. (2024). Asynchronous education improves emergency medical services clinician confidence and knowledge in caring for patients near the end‐of‐life. Journal of the American College of Emergency Physicians Open, 5(5). https://doi.org/10.1002/emp2.13331
- https://www.jacepopen.com/article/S2688-1152(24)01482-6/fulltext
Rad, R. F., Sadrabad, A. Z., Nouraei, R., Khatony, A., Bashiri, H., Bozorgomid, A., & Rezaeian, S. (2022). Comparative study of virtual and face-to-face training methods on the quality of healthcare services provided by Kermanshah pre-hospital emergency staff (EMS): randomized educational Intervention trial. BMC Medical Education, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-022-03277-y
- https://bmcmededuc.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12909-022-03277-y
Karimi Rozveh, A., Rasouli, D., Ahmady, S., & Mohseni Zenozi, S. (2023). Effectiveness of nursing virtual training courses based on the Kirkpatrick Model. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 12(1), 203–203. https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_913_22
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10402775/
Jin, S., & Kim, J.-H. (2024). Effectiveness synchronous e-learning in nursing education: A meta-analysis and subgroup analysis. Nurse Education in Practice, Jul(78), 104029. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2024.104029
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38943761/
Alsharari, A. F., Salihu, D., & Alshammari, F. F. (2025). Effectiveness of virtual clinical learning in nursing education: a systematic review. BMC Nursing, 24(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-025-03076-y
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12004849/
Ramos-Morcillo, A. J., Ruzafa-Martínez, M., Leal-Costa, C., & Fernández-Salazar, S. (2024). Effect of an online training intervention on evidence-based practice in clinical nurses. #Evidencer Project. BMC Nursing, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-024-02489-5
- https://bmcnurs.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12912-024-02489-5
Szpunar, K. K., Khan, N. Y., & Schacter, D. L. (2013). Interpolated memory tests reduce mind wandering and improve learning of online lectures. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(16), 6313–6317. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1221764110
- https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1221764110

One Dose Killers, Big Kids Edition

- Papudesi BN, Malayala SV, Regina AC. Xylazine Toxicity. [Updated 2023 Jul 17]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan
  - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK594271/
- Barrueto F. Beta blocker poisoning. Post TW, ed. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc.
  - http://www.uptodate.com
- Tian, M., Kaufman, D. W., Shiffman, S., & Arora, N. (2023). Over-the-Counter Drug Consumption: How Consumers Deviate from Label Instructions. Journal of Marketing Research, 61(3), 430-450.
  - https://doi.org/10.1177/00222437231199434
- Finkelstein Y, Aks SE, Hutson JR, Juurlink DN, Nguyen P, Dubnov-Raz G, Pollak U, Koren G, Bentur Y. Colchicine poisoning: the dark side of an ancient drug. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2010 Jun;48(5):407-14. doi: 10.3109/15563650.2010.495348. PMID: 20586571.
  - https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20586571/
- Marquardt, K., & Albertson, T. (2001) Treatment of hydroxychloroquine overdose. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. (19)5. Pages 420-424, ISSN 0735-6757, doi.org/10.1053/ajem.2001.25774.
  - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0735675701482520
- Alanagreh L, Alzoughool F, Atoum M. (2020). Risk of using hydroxychloroquine as a treatment of COVID-19. Int J Risk Saf Med. 31(3):111-116. doi: 10.3233/JRS-200024. PMID: 32474476; PMCID: PMC7504983.
  - https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.3233/JRS-200024
- You are not a horse. The Guardian
  - https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/aug/23/fda-horse-message-ivermectin-covid-coronavirus “You are not a horse”
- Erickson, T. B., Chai, P. R., & Boyer, E. W. (2020). Chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine and COVID-19. Toxicology Communications, 4(1), 40–42. doi.org/10.1080/24734306.2020.1757967
  - https://doi.org/10.1080/24734306.2020.1757967
- Pandya HK, Robinson M, Mandal N, Shah VA. (2015). Hydroxychloroquine retinopathy: A review of imaging. Indian J Ophthalmol. Jul;63(7):570-4. doi: 10.4103/0301-4738.167120. PMID: 26458473; PMCID: PMC4652246.
  - https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4652246/
- Melles RB, Marmor MF. The Risk of Toxic Retinopathy in Patients on Long-term Hydroxychloroquine Therapy. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2014;132(12):1453–1460. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2014.3459
  - https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaophthalmology/fullarticle/1913588
- Meeran K, Jacobs MG. Chloroquine poisoning. Rapidly fatal without treatment. BMJ. 1993 Jul 3;307(6895):49-50. doi: 10.1136/bmj.307.6895.49. PMID: 8343674; PMCID: PMC1678465.
  - https://www.bmj.com/content/307/6895/49
- Stokkermans TJ, Falkowitz DM, Trichonas G. Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine Toxicity. [Updated 2024 Jan 11]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan
  - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537086/
- Erickson, T. B., Chai, P. R., & Boyer, E. W. (2020). Chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine and COVID-19. Toxicology Communications, 4(1), 40–42.
  - https://doi.org/10.1080/24734306.2020.1757967
- Khalid MM, Waseem M. Tricyclic Antidepressant Toxicity. (2023). In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing
  - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430931/
- Ehlers PF, Deitche A, Wise LM, et al. Notes from the Field: Seizures, Hyperthermia, and Myocardial Injury in Three Young Adults Who Consumed Bromazolam Disguised as Alprazolam — Chicago, Illinois, February 2023. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2024;72:1392–1393.
  - http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm725253a5
- Rodda LN. The surge of bromazolam-related fatalities replacing other novel designer benzodiazepines-related fatalities in San Francisco. Addiction. 2024 Aug;119(8):1487-1490. doi: 10.1111/add.16520. Epub 2024 Apr 28. PMID: 38679868.
  - https://academic.oup.com/jat/article/47/4/385/7008721?login=false
- Mérette SAM, Thériault S, Piramide LEC, Davis MD, Shapiro AM. Bromazolam Blood Concentrations in Postmortem Cases-A British Columbia Perspective. J Anal Toxicol. 2023 Apr 14;47(4):385-392. doi: 10.1093/jat/bkad005. PMID: 36715069.
  - https://academic.oup.com/jat/article/47/4/385/7008721?login=false
- Wu J, Liu Z. Progress in the management of acute colchicine poisoning in adults. Intern Emerg Med. 2022 Oct;17(7):2069-2081. doi: 10.1007/s11739-022-03079-6. Epub 2022 Aug 26. PMID: 36028733; PMCID: PMC9417090.
  - https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9417090/
- Della Porta, A., Bornstein, K., Coye, A., Montrief, T., Long, B., & Parris, M. (2020). Acute chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine toxicity: A review for emergency clinicians. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, (38)10. Pages 2209-2217, ISSN 0735-6757. doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2020.07.030.
  - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735675720306252
- Chatre, C., Roubille, F., Vernhet, H. et al. (2018). Cardiac Complications Attributed to Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Drug Saf 41, 919–931. doi.org/10.1007/s40264-018-0689-4
  - https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8640856/
- Internet Book of Critical Care. High-dose Insulin Euglycaemic Therapy, EMCrit
  - https://litfl.com/high-dose-insulin-euglycaemic-therapy/
- Internet Book of Critical Care. Calcium Channel Blocker (CCB) & Beta-Blocker (BBl) overdose. EMCrit
  - https://emcrit.org/ibcc/ccb-2/

From Preceptor to Preceptee

- Coming soon!

Leadership In a Dynamic World

Presented for CEUs on January 31st, 2025 at the Emergency Nurses Association's Leadership Conference in Louisvville, KY.

- Blanchard, K. (1989). The one minute manager meets the monkey. William Morrow.
- Blanchard, K. H., Zigarmi, P., & Zigarmi, D. (1994). Leadership and the one minute manager. HarperCollins UK.
- Crowley, K., & Elster, K. (2012). Mean Girls at work: How to stay professional when things get personal. McGraw Hill Professional.
- Johnson, S. (1998). Who moved my cheese?: An Amazing Way to Deal with Change in Your Work and in Your Life.
- Scroggins, C. (2017). How to lead when you’re not in charge: Leveraging Influence When You Lack Authority.

How much is too much?

Presented for CEUs on November 7th, 2024 at the California ENA's Annual Education Day and the Critical Care Transport Medicine Conference in St. Louis, MO on April 15th, 2025

The ASAM clinical practice guideline on alcohol withdrawal management
- https://www.asam.org/quality-care/clinical-guidelines/alcohol-withdrawal-management-guideline
Managing Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome
- https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196064424001057
Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT)
- https://nida.nih.gov/sites/default/files/files/AUDIT.pdf
The "Prediction of Alcohol Withdrawal Severity Scale" (PAWSS): systematic literature review and pilot study of a new scale for the prediction of complicated alcohol withdrawal syndrome.
- https://www.psychdb.com/_media/addictions/etoh_pawss_score_maldonando_.pdf
Addiction Medicine Essentials - Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment of Alcohol Scale, Revised (CIWA-Ar)
- https://www.ci2i.research.va.gov/paws/pdfs/ciwa-ar.pdf
Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol–Revised might be an unreliable tool in the management of alcohol withdrawal
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5597013/pdf/0630691.pdf
Validity and Reliability of an Alcohol Withdrawal Clinical Assessment Scale for Use with Acutely Ill Patients: An Abbreviated Version of the CIWA-Ar
- https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326514798_Validity_and_Reliability_of_an_Alcohol_Withdrawal_Clinical_Assessment_Scale_for_Use_with_Acutely_Ill_Patients_An_Abbreviated_Version_of_the_CIWA-Ar
Working Toward a Gold Standard: The Severity of Ethanol Withdrawal Scale (SEWS) Versus the Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment Alcohol Scale (CIWA-Ar)
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10168711/
Dexmedetomidine as adjunct treatment for severe alcohol withdrawal in the ICU
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3464179/
Adjuvant Dexmedetomidine in Treatment of Alcohol Withdrawal Delirium: Case Series
- https://journals.lww.com/mjdy/fulltext/2023/16001/adjuvant_dexmedetomidine_in_treatment_of_alcohol.30.aspx
EmCrit Alcohol Withdrawal
- https://emcrit.org/ibcc/etoh/
Slides from CCTMC 2025
- https://drive.google.com/file/d/1BD_GLIW8xAU_TGQALtEESi3IQZodc92q/view?usp=drive_link

The EtCO2 is Abnormal

Presented for CEUs on May 22nd, 2024 at CFED 2024 in Indian Wells, CA.

ROME Method ABG Interpretation
- https://www.registerednursern.com/rome-method-abg-interpretation-uncompensated-vs-compensated/
ABG Tic tac toe
- https://nurseslabs.com/arterial-blood-gas-abgs-interpretation-guide/
Winter's formula revisited
- https://pulmonarychronicles.com/index.php/pulmonarychronicles/article/view/512/1131
Henderson-Hasselbach Equation
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Ancillary_Materials/Reference/Organic_Chemistry_Glossary/Henderson-Hasselbach_Equation
All about Base Excess
- https://acutecaretesting.org/en/articles/all-about-base-excess--to-be-or-not-to-be
PaCO2-EtCO2 Gradient: Don't forget the bubbles
- https://dontforgetthebubbles.com/the-paco2-etco2-gradient/
Predictive Value of Capnography for Suspected Diabetic Ketoacidosis in the Emergency Department
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3876300/
Comparing QSOFA Scores to EtCO2 as Mortality Predictors in Prehospital Patients with Suspected Sepsis
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5942006/
Partial Pressures - Virginia Tech School of Medicine
- https://med.libretexts.org/Courses/Virginia_Tech_Carilion_School_of_Medicine/Pulmonary_Physiology_for_Pre-Clinical_Students_(Binks)/07%3A_Fundamentals_of_Gas_Exchange/7.01%3A_Partial_pressures#:~:text=Full%20Book-,Page,-Downloads
EtCO2 as a predictor of patient outcomes
- https://www.emra.org/emresident/article/cca-etco2
Hyperventilation in adult TBI
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7875871/
Full References (PDF from my Google Drive) Click Here

Six Drips and a Pacer

Presented for CEUs on September 7th, 2024 at the ENA National Conference in Las Vegas, NV and on May 21, 2024 at CFED 2024 in Indian Wells, CA.

Life in the Fast Lane - Pacemaker Rhythms
- https://litfl.com/pacemaker-rhythms-normal-patterns/
Refractory septic shock: our pragmatic approach
- https://ccforum.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13054-018-2144-4
Vasopressor Nonresponse NUEM Blog
- https://www.nuemblog.com/blog/vasopressor-nonresponse
EmCrit Vasopressors
- https://emcrit.org/ibcc/pressors/
Alternative Pharmacological Management of Vasopressor Extravasation in the Absence of Phentolamine
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5565133/
PulmCrit - High Dose Vasopressors
- https://emcrit.org/pulmcrit/high-dose-vasopressor/
Vasopressin in Sepsis and Other Shock States: State of the Art
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10672256/
Full References (PDF from my Google Drive) Here

Diamond of Death

Presented for CEUs on January 8th, 2024 for the California State Trauma Committee and November 7th, 2024 for the California ENA Education Day.

ACS TQIP – Massive Transfusion in Trauma Guidelines
- https://www.facs.org/media/zcjdtrd1/transfusion_guildelines.pdf
Hypocalcemia in Military Casual<es From Point of Injury to Surgical Teams in Afghanistan
- https://emcrit.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/MilMed.pdf
Calcium Part 1 – Labpedia
- https://labpedia.net/calcium-part-1-serum-calcium-total-hypercalcemia-and-hypocalcemia/
The diamond of death: Hypocalcemia in trauma and resuscitation
- https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0735675720311852?via%3Dihub
Joint Trauma System CPG – Damage Control Resuscitation
- https://jts.health.mil/assets/docs/cpgs/Damage_Control_Resuscitation_12_Jul_2019_ID18.pdf
Hypocalcemia as a predictor of mortality and transfusion. A scoping review of hypocalcemia in trauma and hemostatic resuscitation. Transfusion. 2022
- https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/trf.16965
A retrospective analysis of calcium levels in pediatric trauma patients. Int J Burns Trauma. 2021
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8310872/
Forgot calcium? Admission ionized-calcium in two civilian randomized controlled trials of prehospital plasma for traumatic hemorrhagic shock. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2020
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7802822/
Coagulation complications following trauma. Military Med Resus. 2016
- https://mmrjournal.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s40779-016-0105-2.pdf
The diamond of death: Hypocalcemia in trauma and resuscitation. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2021
- https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0735675720311852?via%3Dihub

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